Patients who died from COVID-19 were more likely to be older, male, and Black and to have underlying conditions (hereafter comorbidities) than case-patients who survived. We reviewed the Tennessee Department of Health COVID-19 surveillance and chart-abstraction data during March 15вЂ’August 15, 2020. We propose a global approach targeting the agri-food system, offering innovative social and technical interventions on antimicrobial usage, adapted to family farmers.ДЄs of March 2021, coronavirus disease (COVID-19) had led to >500,000 deaths in the United States, and the state of Tennessee had the fifth highest number of cases per capita. We advocate for policies that consider the specific challenges faced by family farmers in Africa, to simultaneously improve access to veterinary drugs while strengthening the regulation of their use. Considering the development of animal farming to meet an increasing demand for proteins, this deficiency represents a serious public health issue. Qualitative interviews of farmers show a lack of knowledge and uninformed use of antimicrobials. Apart from the lack of solid data on antimicrobial use in many countries in Africa, different hypotheses could explain this situation. Although currently available data indicate that Africa has the lowest usage of antimicrobials in animals in the world (adjusted by animal biomass), data show a high prevalence of antimicrobial resistance in foodborne pathogens isolated from animals and animal products.

Dna replication models